Electrical Instruments and Measurement

Fundamental of Electrical Measurements

1. Fundamental of Electrical Measurements
2. Significance of Fundamental of Electrical Measurements
3. Methods of Fundamental of Electrical Measurements
4. Instrument Fundamental of Electrical Measurements
5. Classification of Instruments
6. Types of Secondary Instruments
7. Magnetic Effect of Fundamental of Electrical Measurements
8. Utilization of Magnetic Effect
9. Force between a Current Carrying Coil and Permanent Magnet
10. Force Between Two Current Carrying Coils
11. Thermal Effect Force Between Two Current Carrying Coils
12. Electrostatic Effect Force Between Two Current Carrying Coils
13. Electro-Magnetic Induction Effect
14. Electrodynamic Effect
15. Operating Forces of Indicating Instrument
16. Methods of Production of Deflecting Force
17. Difference Between Force & Torque
18. Types of spring Used in Measuring Instrument
19. Properties of Spring Material Used in Measuring Instruments
20. Production of Damping Force
21. Methods of Production of Damping Torque
22. Construction of Moving System Electrical Indicating Instruments
23. Construction of Permanent Magnet Electrical Indicating Instruments
24. Construction of Pointers Electrical Indicating Instruments
25. Construction of Tangent Galvanometer
26. Precautions in using a Tangent Galvanometer
27. Precautions of Adjustments of the Tangent Galvanometer
28. Applications of Tangent Galvanometer
29. Parts of Strip Chart Recorder
30. Types of Strip Chart Recorders
31. Galvanometer Type Recorders
32. Difference between Indicating and Recording Instruments
33. Uses of Recording Instruments
34. Advantages of Recording Instrument over Indicating Instruments
35. Fundamental of Electrical Measurements - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Electrical Indicating Instruments

36. Permanent-Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instrument
37. Construction of Permanent-Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instrument
38. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument (PMMC) as D.C. Ammeter
39. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument (PMMC) as a D.C. Voltmeter
40. Electrodynamic or Dynamometer Type Instruments
41. Working Principle of Electrodynamic or Dynamometer Type Instruments
42. Construction of Electrodynamic or Dynamometer Type Instruments
43. Applications of Dynamometers
44. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrodynamometer Instruments
45. Errors in Dynamometer type Instruments
46. Moving Iron Instruments
47. Working Principle of Attraction Type Moving Iron Instruments
48. Construction of Attraction Type Moving Iron Instruments
49. Parts of Attraction Type Instrument
50. Working Principle of Moving Iron Repulsion Type Instruments
51. Working Principle of Moving Iron Repulsion Type Instruments
52. Construction of Moving Iron Repulsion Type Instruments
53. Parts of Repulsion type Instrument
54. Applications of Moving Iron Instruments
55. Electrical Indicating Instruments - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Thermal or Electrothermic Instruments

56. Electrothermic Instruments
57. Hot-Wire Instruments
58. Working Principle of Hot-Wire Instruments
59. Construction of Hot-Wire Instruments
60. Working Principle of Bi-metallic Instruments
61. Construction of Bi-metallic Instruments
62. Working Principle of Thermocouple Instruments
63. Components of a Thermocouple Instrument
64. Operation of Thermocouple Instruments
65. Bolometer
66. Electrical Resistance Thermometer
67. Construction and Working of Electrical Resistance Thermometer
68. Applications of Electrical Resistance Thermometer
69. Thermo-electric Pyrometer
70. Working of Thermo-electric Pyrometer
71. Applications of Thermo-Electric Pyrometers
72. Radiation Pyrometers
73. Principle of Radiation Pyrometers
74. Working of Total Radiation Pyrometers
75. Working of Infrared Pyrometers
76. Applications of Infrared Pyrometers
77. Thermal or Electrothermic Instruments - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Range Extension of D.C & A.C Instruments

78. Range Extension of Instrument
79. Purpose of Shunt
80. Shunts for a.c. Instruments
81. Voltmeter Multipliers
82. Material of Multiplier
83. Voltmeter Multiplier for A.C. Instruments
84. Instrument Transformers
85. Use of Instrument Transformers
86. Advantages of Instrument Transformers
87. Construction & Working of Current Transformer
88. Current Transformer Effect of secondary open circuit
89. Current Transformer of Personal and instrument Safety
90. Theory of Current Transformer
91. Current Transformer Methods of Reduction of Errors
92. Potential Transformer
93. Theory of Potential Transformer
94. Characteristics of Current Transformer
95. Characteristics of Potential Transformer
96. Circuit Diagram of Loaded Current Transformer and Potential Transformer
97. Extension of D.C & A.C Instruments - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Multimeter and Rectifier Instruments

98. Multimeter or Avo Meter
99. Construction & Working of Multimeter or Avo Meter
100. Practical Method of Reading Meters
101. Live use of Voltmeter
102. Live use of Ammeter
103. Type of Multimeters
104. Ramp type Digital Voltmeter
105. Types of Rectifier Instruments
106. Application of Rectifiers in Measuring Instruments
107. Rectifier Voltmeters
108. Rectifier Ammeters
109. Errors in Ammeter, Voltmeter and Their Remedies
110. Calibration of Meters
111. Calibration of Voltmeters
112. Thermal or Electrothermic Instruments - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Induction Type Instruments & Energy Measurement

113. Working Principle of Shaded-Pole Induction Ammeter
114. Induction Voltmeter
115. Advantages and Disadvantages of Induction Voltmeter
116. Errors in Induction Instruments
117. Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter
118. Construction of Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter
119. Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter Errors
120. Advantages of Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter
121. Testing/Calibration of Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter
122. Range of Tests of Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter
123. Maximum Demand Indicator
124. Construction of Wright Maximum Demand Indicator
125. Advantages and Disadvantages of Wright Maximum Demand Indicator
126. Applications of Wright Maximum Demand Indicator
127. Construction of Merz Price Demand Indictor
128. Advantage and Disadvantage of Merz Price Demand Indictor
129. Induction Type Instruments & Energy Measurement - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

Miscellaneous Indicating Instruments

130. Type of Power Factor Meter
131. Construction of Electrodynamic Power Factor Meter
132. Working of Electrodynamic Power Factor Meter
133. Construction of Moving-Iron Power Factor Meter
134. Working of Moving-Iron Power Factor Meter
135. Advantages and Disadvantages of Moving-Iron Power Factor Meter
136. Working Principle of Vibrating Reed Frequency Meter
137. Construction of Vibrating Reed Frequency Meter
138. Working of Vibrating Reed Frequency Meter
139. Advantages of Vibrating Reed Frequency Meter
140. Electrical Resonance Frequency Meter
141. Weston Frequency Meter
142. Principle of Operation of Digital Frequency Meter
143. Basic Circuit of Digital Frequency Meter
144. Photometry
145. Type of Photometers
146. Principle of Measurement of Photometer
147. Illumination Photometers
148. Lux Meter or Lumeter (Holophone Lumeter)
149. Application of Synchroscopes
150. Types of Synchroscopes
151. Construction & Working of Moving-Iron Synchroscope
152. Construction & Working of Electrodynamometer (Weston) Synchroscope
153. Construction & Working of D.C. Tachometer Generator or Dynamometer Type Speedometer
154. Advantages and Disadvantages of Dynamometer Type Speedometer
155. Construction & Working of A.C. Tachometer Generator
156. Digital or Electronic Counter Method of Speed Measurement
157. Photo-Electric Tachometer
158. Toothed Rotor Variable Reluctance Tachometer
159. Advantages of Toothed Rotor Variable Reluctance Tachometer
160. Mechanical Tachometers or Counters
161. Working Principle of Mechanical Tachometers or Counters
162. Stroboscopic Method of Speed Measurement
163. Miscellaneous Indicating Instruments - Multiple Choice Questions and Answer

Measurement of Resistance Location of Cable Faults

164. Classification of Resistance
165. Measurement of Medium Resistance
166. Construction and Working of Wheatstone Bridge
167. Applications of Wheatstone Bridge
168. Working Principle of Wheatstone Bridge
169. Measurement of Low Resistance
170. Construction and Working of Kelvin Double Bridge
171. Operation of Kevin Double Bridge in Practice
172. Ohm Meters
173. Construction of Series-Type Ohmmeter
174. Working principle of Series-Type Ohmmeter
175. Shunt Type Ohmmeter
176. General Precautions of Using Meters
177. Precautions of Using Ohm Meters
178. Construction and Working of Megger
179. Scale Reading of Megger
180. Megger Tests
181. Working Principle of Earth Resistance Tester
182. Construction and Operation of Earth Resistance Tester
183. Location of Cable Faults
184. Working Principle of Murray Loop Test
185. Working Principle of Blavier and Earth Overlap Tests
186. Earth Overlap Test
187. Measurement of Resistance Location of Cable Faults - Multiple Choice Questions and Answer

Electronics Instruments

188. References & Circuit Symbols
189. Use of Signal Generator for Measurement of Inductance and Capacitance Impedance Bridges
190. Difference between Signal Generator & Oscillator
191. Phase Shift Audio Frequency Oscillators
192. Wien’s Bridge Audio Frequency Oscillator
193. Construction & Working of Audio Frequency Signal Generator
194. Audio Frequency (AF) Signal Generator introductory Information & Uses
195. Construction and Working of Radio Frequency Signal Generator
196. Radio Frequency (R.F) Signal Generator Introductory Statement & Uses
197. Oscilloscope Measurements
198. Types of Oscilloscope
199. Cathode Ray Tube
200. Block Diagram of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
201. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
202. Transistor Voltmeters Using Field Effect Transistor
203. Advantages of Balanced Bridge Transistor Voltmeters
204. Balanced Bridge Transistor Voltmeters
205. Transistor Voltmeters with Cascaded Transistors
206. Transistor Voltmeters (TVMs)
207. Errors in Digital Instruments
208. Digital Multimeter
209. Digital Ammeter
210. Digital Ohmmeter
211. Types of Digital Voltmeters DVMs
212. Techniques used in DVMs
213. Digital Voltmeters (DVMs)
214. Working principle of Digital Instruments
215. Block Diagram of Digital Meter
216. Types of Digital Instruments
217. Advantages and Disadvantage of Digital Instruments
218. Analog and Digital Meters
219. Electronics Instruments - Multiple Choice Questions and Answer